PRONOUN, TENSES, NOUN CLAUSE, MODALS

A. PRONOUNS 
Pronoun is a word used to replace nouns 

1. Subject pronouns : I, You, We, They, He, She, It. Eg : I buy a car. 
2. Object pronouns : Me, You, Us, They, Him, Her, It. Eg : He gives me a flower. 
3. Possessive pronouns : Mine, Your, Ours, Theirs, His, Hers, Its. Eg : This book is mine. 
4. Reflexive pronouns : Myself, Yourself, Ourselves, Themselves, Himself, Herself, Itself. Eg : The child hurt himself 
5. Demonstrative pronouns : This, That, These, Those. Eg : This is yours 
6. Relative pronouns : That, Who, Which. Eg : The man who is singing a song is Yama. 
7. Reciprocal pronouns : Each other, One another. Eg : People in the world should respect to one another. 
8. Indefinite pronouns

Pronoun	-one	-body	-thing
Some	Someone	Somebody	Something
Any	Anyone	Anybody	Anything
Every	Everyone	Everybody	Everything
No	No one	Nobody	Nothing

        9. Interrogative pronouns : who, whom, what, whose, which, where, when. Eg : Who gets an award?

B. TENSES 

1. Active tenses

Simple present S + V1 + (s/es) + o She gets an apple	Present continuous S + tobe (is, am, are) + Ving + o I am singing a song	Present perfect S + have/has + V3 + o They have gone to Bali	Present perfect continuous S + have/has + been + Ving + o He has been teaching a student
Simple past S + V2 + o We got an apple	Past continuous S + tobe (was, were) + Ving + o I was gone to Bali	Past perfect S + had + V3 + o You had gone to Bali	Past perfect continuous S + had + been + Ving + o You had been going to Bali
Simple future S + will/shall + V1 + o I will go to Bali	Future continuous S + will/shall + be + ving + o You will be going to Bali	Future perfect S + will/shall + have + V3 + o They will have gone to Bali	Future perfect continuous S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + o I will have been going to Bali

2. Passive voice 
Passive voice is active verbs are converted into passive.

Modal	Present	Past	Perfect	Continuous
Be + V3	Is, am, are + V3	Was, were + V3	Have/has + been + V3	Being + V33

Statement sentences 

• Modal : The door must be painted by him. 
• Present : The oranges are not eaten by her. 
• Past : We were tough by your father yesterday. 
• Perfect : The job has been finished by them. 
• Continuous : Some letters are being written by Yama.

Questions sentences 

• Yes/No Question 
• Modal : May his books be bought by him. 
• Present : Is his wallet found by him? 
• Past : Where those people followed by her? 
• Perfect : Have the rooms been cleaned by the servent? 
• Continuous : Is that music being listened by you?

Questions word 

• Modal : What must they do? 
• Present : Whom is that old wooden house bought by? 
• Past : Where was your car parked? 
• Perfect : Who has been invited by the boys? 
• Continuous : What was being talked by them?

Use “By + Object”  

• No need to mention the offender. Eg : 
• Active : We must finish the work now. 
• Passive : The work must be finished now. 

• When we do not know who the offender is. Eg : 
• Active : A robber has just robbed the bank. 
• Passive : The bank has just been robbed. 

• When the subject of the active sentence in the form of “people, everybody, everyone, and someone”. Eg :  
• Active : People say that Indonesia is a developing country. 
• Passive : It is said that Indonesia is a developing country.

C. NOUN CLAUSE 
A noun clause is a group of words that include a subject and a verb, and it functions as a noun. There are two kinds of noun clause 

1. Independent clause. Independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. Eg : Yama lives in Japan 
2. Dependent clause. Dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Eg : Where Yama lives?

The example of noun clauses 

1. Noun clauses beginning with a Question word. Eg : 

• Where does Yama live? – I don’t know where Yama lives. 
• When does Yama come? –  Do they know when Yama come. 

       2. Noun clauses beginning with Whether or If. Eg :

• I don’t know whether he will go. 
• I don’t know if he will go. 

       3. Questions words followed by Infinitives. Eg :  

• They don’t know what to say. 
• Yama cannot decide whether to go (or) stay home. 

       4. Noun clauses beginning with That

The word that, when it introduction a noun clause, has no meaning in itself. Eg: I think that he is a good boy.

5.Quoted speech. Quoted speech is refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally as they spoken. Eg: He said, “My mother is a chef.” Give the comma before quotation marks.

6. Reported speech verb forms in noun clauses. Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. No quotation marks are used. Eg: 

• Quoted speech : “I watch TV every day.” 
• Reported speech : She said she watched TV every day.

D.    MODAL

Modal auxiliary that functions in the formation of tenses and meaningful. There are two kinds of modal. 

• Conclusion 
• Possibility : Will, Must, Should, Ought to, Can, Could, May, Might. Eg : She must visit her friend now. 
• Impossibility : Cannot, Could not, Must not, May not, Might not. Eg : I cannot go without her. 

• Non Conclusion 
• Wishes: May. Eg: May Allah guide you. 
• Ability: Can, Could, Be able to. Eg : He can speak English well. 
• Necessity: Must, Have to, Have got to, Need. Eg : I have to talk to her. 
• Prohibition: Must not. Eg : You must not open the parcel until your birthday. 
• Advisability: Should, Ought to, Had better. Eg : Drivers should obey the speed limit. 
• Suggestion: Shall, Could. Eg : You could talk to your teacher or you could ask Yama to help you with Arabic lessons. 
• Expectation: Be to, Be supposed to. Eg : The program is supposed to begin at 11.00. 
• Request: May, Might, Can, Could, Will, Would. Eg : Would you please open the door? 
• Permission: Can, Could, May. Eg : Okay, you may have the cake after working. 
• Habitual action in the past : Would, Used to, Be used to. Eg: She used to be a singer. 
• Preference: Would rather. Eg: Yama would rather have an apple than have an orange.